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1.
Rev. med. Chile ; 150(6): 832-835, jun. 2022. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1424127

ABSTRACT

Multiple Myeloma (MM) is characterized by a clonal expansion of plasma cells in the bone marrow. These cells typically produce a monoclonal immunoglobulin, and its symptoms arise either from plasma cell infiltration in several organs, or secondary to the presence of a monoclonal protein peak. Symptoms can be summarized by the acronym CRAB (hypercalcemia, renal failure, anemia and bone lesions). Sometimes, in the setting of a protein secreting monoclonal gammopathy, formation of cryoglobulins develops. Cryoglobulins are plasma proteins that precipitate at low temperatures, forming a cold - induced precipitate at small vessels, causing a wide range of clinical manifestations. We report a female consulting for ulcers lasting 2 months in the left foot associated with purpuric lesions in both lower limbs. Protein electrophoresis showed a monoclonal peak in the gamma region. Bone marrow aspirate showed 27% of plasma cells with kappa chain restriction by cytometry. The presence of cryoglobulins was confirmed. The patient was treated with dexamethasone and bortezomib, with a progressive healing of lower limb lesions and disappearance of cryoglobulins. She was discharged in good conditions.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Vasculitis/complications , Cryoglobulinemia/complications , Cryoglobulinemia/diagnosis , Multiple Myeloma/complications , Multiple Myeloma/diagnosis , Cryogels , Bortezomib/therapeutic use
2.
Rev. chil. nutr ; 48(4)ago. 2021.
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1388510

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN El objetivo de esta investigación fue comparar las principales características que influyen en el funcionamiento de los Programas de Alimentación Escolar (PAE) en escuelas urbanas y públicas de Costa Rica y Guatemala y la percepción de la comunidad escolar sobre dicho funcionamiento. Se realizó una revisión documental de informes y normativas vigentes relacionadas con los PAE de cada país para comparar características principales. Se realizaron 32 entrevistas y 43 grupos focales con la comunidad escolar para captar sus percepciones sobre el funcionamiento. Se realizó un análisis temático de transcripciones aplicando teoría fundamentada. Como principales hallazgos, se destaca que los PAE en Costa Rica y Guatemala han sido una estrategia para luchar contra el hambre y malnutrición infantil, contando ambos países con un gran respaldo normativo y político que le da sostenibilidad. Sin embargo, existen barreras como recursos limitados, problemas administrativos y falta de fiscalización de las normas. En conclusión, apesar de que en ambos países existe una normativa robusta para hacer cumplir el derecho a una alimentación saludable, se encontraron algunas barreras que dificultan una correcta implementación del PAE.


ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to compare the functioning of School Feeding Programs (SFP) in Costa Rica and Guatemala and the perceptions about operationalization among the public school community. We conducted a comparative review of government reports and existing regulations related to SFP in each country to compare key characteristics. We conducted 32 individual interviews and 43 focus group discussions with actors at different levels of the school community to capture their perceptions about SFP functioning. We conducted thematic analysis applying grounded theory. SFP in both countries have been used as a strategy to address hunger and child malnutrition. Both countries have an important body of regulations and policies that support program sustainability. However, the research revealed some barriers to effective implementation including: limited resources, administrative problems, and a lack of oversight of regulations. In conclusion, while SFP are important instruments of social protection for the right to nutrition in both countries, there are a number of barriers to optimal SFP implementation.

3.
Rev. invest. clín ; 73(2): 87-93, Mar.-Apr. 2021. tab
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1251868

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Background: The recognition of stroke symptoms by patients or bystanders directly affects the outcomes of patients with acute cerebrovascular disease. Objective: The objective of the study was to assess the predictive value of the medical history and clinical features recognized by the patients’ bystanders to classify neurovascular syndromes in pre-hospital settings. Methods: We included 150 stroke patients of two Mexican referral centers: 50 with acute ischemic stroke (AIS), 50 with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and 50 with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The performance of clinical prediction rules (CPR) to identify the stroke types was evaluated with features recognized by the patients’ bystanders before hospital arrival. The impact of CPRs on early arrival and in-hospital mortality was also analyzed. Results: Overall, 72% of the patients had previous medical evaluations in other centers before final referral to our hospitals, and therefore, only 45% had a final onset-to-door time <6 h, even when the first medical assessment had occurred in ≤1 h in 75% of cases. Clinical features noticed by the patients’ bystanders had low positive predictive values (PPV) for any stroke type. The CPR “language or speech disorder + focal motor deficit” had 93% sensitivity and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 84% to distinguish AIS. In SAH, headache alone showed a sensitivity of 84% and NPV of 97%. No CPR had an adequate performance on ICH. CPRs were not associated with final onset-to-door time. Altered consciousness, age ≥65 years, indirect arrival with stops before final referral, and atrial fibrillation increased in-hospital mortality. Conclusion: Clinical features referred by the witness of a neurovascular emergency have limited PPV, but adequate NPV in ruling-out AIS and SAH among stroke types. The use of CPRs had no impact on onset-to-door time or in-hospital mortality when the final arrival to a third-level center occurs with previous medical referrals.

4.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 149(1): 98-102, ene. 2021. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1389361

ABSTRACT

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is routinely estimated using endogenous biomarkers due to the complexity of direct measurement methods. Cystatin C is a protease inhibitor produced in all nucleated cells. It is freely filtered and then catabolized by renal tubular cells. Therefore, plasma concentration of cystatin C depends primarily on GFR. Serum cystatin C is less affected by muscle mass, diet, race, gender and age than creatinine. In the general population, equations to estimate GFR based on cystatin C do not have a better performance than those based on creatinine. However, formulas that combine creatinine and cystatin C are more accurate and precise. Estimation of GFR based on cystatin C could be useful in populations in which creatinine value may be biased, such as people with extremely low or high muscle mass, cirrhosis and chronic cardiorenal syndrome. Due to its higher cost in comparison to creatinine, we recommend measuring cystatin C on these clinical situations and when a more accurate estimation of GFR is required.


Subject(s)
Humans , Cystatin C , Kidney , Biomarkers , Creatinine , Glomerular Filtration Rate
5.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 37(5): 599-603, nov. 2020. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1144257

ABSTRACT

Resumen Introducción: La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) han definido la amebiasis como la infección por Entamoeba histolytica, independientemente de los síntomas. La colitis amebiana necrosante es una forma rara de amebiasis que se asocia con una alta morbilidad y mortalidad. Caso clínico: Presentamos a un paciente femenino de 68 años, con antecedentes de diabetes mellitus tipo 2, con colitis amebiana necrosante con múltiples perforaciones, que fue sometida a una hemicolectomía derecha con íleo-transverso anastomosis. Conclusiones: Se necesitan intervenciones efectivas para prevenir la colitis amebiana y terapias adicionales para tratar la colitis amebiana fulminante y mejorar los resultados.


Abstract Background: Amebiasis has been defined by World Health Organization (WHO) and Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) as the infection with Entamoeba histolytica regardless of symptoms. Necrotizing amoebic colitis is a rare clinical form of amebosis that is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Case Report: We present a 68-years-old-female patient with necrotizing amoebic colitis with multiple perforations who survived after right hemicolectomy with ileus-transverse anastomosis. Conclusions: Effective interventions to prevent amebic colitis, and additional therapies to treat fulminant amebic colitis are needed to improve outcomes.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Aged , Colitis , Dysentery, Amebic/drug therapy , Dysentery, Amebic/diagnostic imaging , Entamoeba histolytica
6.
Edumecentro ; 12(2): 217-222, abr.-jun. 2020.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1090028

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN Prevención en Estomatología es una asignatura que se imparte en primer año de la carrera. Para el perfeccionamiento de su proceso enseñanza aprendizaje y como alternativa didáctica, se confeccionó un sitio web como soporte bibliográfico a sus contenidos, el cual tuvo como punto de partida un diagnóstico donde se constató la necesidad de su diseño. Sus autores lo titularon "Odontoprevención" y contiene textos, imágenes, videos, animaciones flash, etc. Su contenido es fácilmente accesible, independientemente de la forma en que el usuario lo consulte. Fue valorado por los especialistas como adecuado por su utilidad práctica, pertinencia y las características de su conformación. Es interés de los autores informar a la comunidad científica sobre el producto confeccionado con el objetivo de proporcionar al estudiantado un medio novedoso y factible de utilizar.


ABSTRACT Prevention in dentistry is taught in the first year of the degree. For the improvement of its teaching-learning process and as a didactic alternative, a website was created as a bibliographic support for its contents, which had as its starting point a diagnosis where the need for its design was confirmed. The authors titled it "Dental prevention" and it contains texts, images, videos, flash animations, etc. Its content is easily accessible, regardless of the way the user consults it. It was valued by specialists as appropriate for its practical utility, relevance and the characteristics of its conformation. It is the authors' interest to inform the scientific community about the product made in order to provide students with a novel and feasible aid ready for use.


Subject(s)
Information Technologies and Communication Projects , Students, Dental , Education, Medical
7.
Rev. peru. biol. (Impr.) ; 27(2): 169-182, abr.-jun 2020. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1144946

ABSTRACT

Resumen Las áreas verdes en las ciudades se han considerado elementos importantes para la conservación de la avifauna. En este estudio se presentan estimaciones de riqueza y abundancia de aves, así como su relación con las áreas verdes en la ciudad de San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas, México. Identificamos un total de 75 especies de aves en diez áreas verdes de diferente tamaño de febrero a julio de 2016 y relacionamos su presencia con variables ambientales a dos escalas geográficas (local y de paisaje). Se utilizaron análisis no paramétricos para comparar la riqueza y abundancia de las aves entre áreas verdes y categorías de tamaño. El porcentaje de superficie total ocupada por vegetación fue la variable más importante al correlacionarse positivamente con la riqueza y abundancia de las aves. Mientras que el porcentaje de cobertura de dosel, de construcciones, de pavimento y de áreas verdes muestreadas se correlacionaron negativamente con la riqueza y abundancia de aves. La heterogeneidad espacial de la estructura vegetal vertical en las áreas verdes fue importante para incrementar la diversidad de la avifauna. El mantenimiento e incremento de áreas verdes en ciudades es significativo para proteger y aumentar la diversidad de aves en áreas urbanas.


Abstract Green areas in urban districts are important elements for bird conservation. In this study, we estimated bird abundance within green areas in the urban district of San Cristobal de Las Casas, state of Chiapas, Mexico. We identified a total of 75 bird species in ten green areas of different sizes from February of 2016 through July of 2016. We related bird presence to environmental variables at two geographical scales (local and landscape). Nonparametric analyses were used to compare richness and abundance of birds between green areas and size categories. The percentage of vegetation area was the most important variable that positively correlated with species richness and abundance. However, negative correlations were found between species richness and abundance and the percentage coverage of canopy, buildings, pavement and sampled green areas. The spatial heterogeneity of vertical vegetation structure in green areas was important to increase the diversity of avifauna. The maintenance and increase of green areas in cities is important to protect and increase the diversity of birds in urban areas.

8.
Rev. biol. trop ; 68mar. 2020.
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1507619

ABSTRACT

Introduction: El Niño 2015-2016 was considered one of the most severe worldwide, causing the third global event of coral bleaching. Previous high-intensity El Niño events (1982-83 and 1997-98) caused high coral mortalities and deterioration of coral reef structures along the Eastern Tropical Pacific, affecting both ecosystem and associated economical activities. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the impact of the most recent El Niño event on coral reefs from Cocos Island and the Pacific coast of southern Costa Rica. Methods: Coral reefs were surveyed before (2013-2014) and after (2016) the disturbance, using underwater visual censuses within belt transects, to quantify the bottom coverage at different depths. Results: In general, average live coral cover decreased 50% after the 2015-2016 El Niño event, with Golfo Dulce being the most affected area with 75% of live coral cover decline. However, in certain localities such as Isla del Coco and Isla del Caño, the effects of El Niño were apparently minimal, since no substantial loss of live coral cover was detected. Differences in the level of deterioration found between coral reefs could be related to several factors, including the age of the protected area, the distance to centers of human population, and the effectiveness in the application of management strategies. Conclusions: The synergistic impact of the 2015-16 El Niño event and other stressors (e.g. illegal fishing and unregulated coastal human development) increased the levels of disturbance on coral reefs, threatening their structure and functioning. It is necessary to strengthen conservation strategies in order to improve the resilience of coral reefs to the impact of natural and anthropogenic disturbances. Concrete actions such as coral reef restoration, marine environmental education, and marine spatial planning must become important tools to maintain the good health of coral reefs and ensure the sustainability of the goods and services provided by these ecosystems.


Introducción: El fenómeno El Niño del 2015-2016 fue considerado como uno de los más severos a nivel mundial, causando el tercer evento global de blanqueamiento coralino. Eventos previos de alta intensidad (1982-83 y 1997-98), causaron altas mortalidades coralinas y el deterioro de estructuras arrecifales a lo largo de Pacífico Tropical Oriental, afectando tanto al ecosistema como las actividades económicas asociadas. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio, fue determinar el impacto del evento El Niño 2015-2016 en la salud de los arrecifes coralinos de la Isla del Coco y la costa Pacífico Sur de Costa Rica. Métodos: La evaluación de los arrecifes de coral se realizó antes (2013-2014) y después (2016) de la perturbación, utilizando censos visuales subacuáticos en transectos de banda, con el fin de cuantificar la cobertura del fondo a distintas profundidades. Resultados: En general, la cobertura coralina viva promedio disminuyó 50% después del evento El Niño 2015-2016, siendo Golfo Dulce la zona más afectada con una reducción del 75%. Sin embargo, en ciertas localidades como las islas Coco y Caño, los efectos de El Niño fueron aparentemente mínimos, ya que no se detectó una pérdida sustancial de la cobertura coralina viva. Las diferencias en el nivel de deterioro encontradas entre los arrecifes podrían estar relacionadas con varios factores, incluyendo el tiempo transcurrido desde que se estableció el área protegida, la distancia a los centros de la población humana y la efectividad en la aplicación de estrategias de manejo. Conclusiones: El impacto sinérgico del evento El Niño 2015-2016 y otros factores de estrés (por ejemplo, la pesca ilegal y el desarrollo costero no regulado) incrementó los niveles de perturbación en los arrecifes coralinos, amenazando su estructura y funcionamiento. Es necesario fortalecer las estrategias de conservación para mejorar la resiliencia de los arrecifes coralinos ante el impacto de perturbaciones naturales y antropogénicas. Acciones concretas como la jardinería de corales, la educación ambiental marina y el ordenamiento espacial marino, deben convertirse en herramientas importantes para mantener la buena salud de los arrecifes coralinos y asegurar la sostenibilidad de los bienes y servicios proporcionados por estos ecosistemas.

9.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 146(3): 344-350, mar. 2018. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-961399

ABSTRACT

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the best approximation to global renal function and its estimation is of great relevance for clinical practice. Since the measurement of GFR by reference methods is complex, costly and not widely available, its routine evaluation is performed using endogenous biomarkers. Within these, creatinine is the most commonly used. It allows the estimation of GFR by means of its clearance or by formulas based on its concentration on plasma. Creatinine measurement should be performed using enzimatic methods as they confer more accurate values than Jaffe methods, especially for normal and low creatinine levels.


Subject(s)
Humans , Creatinine/urine , Creatinine/blood , Glomerular Filtration Rate , Reference Values , Biomarkers/urine , Biomarkers/blood
10.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 146(1): 68-77, ene. 2018. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-902623

ABSTRACT

Recently, we have witnessed major improvements in cancer treatment. Early diagnosis and development of new therapies have reduced cancer-related mortality. However, these new therapies, along with greater patient survival, are associated with an increase in untoward effects, particularly in the cardiovascular system. Although cardiotoxicity induced by oncologic treatments affects predominantly the myocardium, it can also involve other structures of the cardiovascular system, becoming one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in those who survive cancer. The main objective of cardio-oncology is to achieve the maximum benefits of oncologic treatments while minimizing their deleterious cardiovascular effects. It harbors the stratification of patients at risk of cardiotoxicity, the implementation of diagnostic tools (imaging techniques and biomarkers) for early diagnosis, preventive strategies and early treatment options for the complications. Herein, we discuss the basic knowledge for the implementation of cardio-oncology units and their role in the management of cancer patients, the diagnostic tools available to detect cardiotoxicity and the present therapeutic options.


Subject(s)
Humans , Radiotherapy/adverse effects , Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology , Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control , Cardiotoxicity/etiology , Cardiotoxicity/prevention & control , Antineoplastic Agents/adverse effects , Biomarkers , Risk Factors , Program Development , Neoplasms/complications , Neoplasms/drug therapy , Antineoplastic Agents/classification
11.
Acta bioeth ; 22(2): 195-202, nov. 2016.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-827606

ABSTRACT

La utilización de embriones humanos en la investigación biológica ha generado un debate ético desde la discusión ontológica, en relación a si se puede o no considerar al embrión persona humana. En este artículo se análiza el estatuto ontológico del embrión humano desde una perspectiva biológica, considerando las principales líneas de investigación que lo intervienen en América Latina. Adcionalmente, revisamos el aporte desde el estatuto legal del embrión humano en esta región y la postura desde la formalidad de la investigación cientifica en el cuidado de su utilización. Consideramos finalmente que en América Latina no se ha abordado de manera profunda la discusión en torno al estatuto del embrión humano como persona, quedando la discusión en una dimensión biológica.


The utilization of human embryos in the biological research has generated a bioethical debate from the ontological point of view about whether or not to consider the embryo as a human person. This paper review the ontological statute of the human embryo from a biological perspective considering the principal lines of investigation in Latin America. Complementary to discussion we check the contribution from the legal statute of the human embryo and the position from the formal scientific research in his utilization. Finally, we consider that, in Latin America, the discussion has not been approached in a deep way about the statute of the human embryo as person, staying the discussion in a dimension of the biological thing.


A utilização de embriões humanos na investigação biológica tem gerado um debate ético a partir da discussão ontológica, com relação a se deveria ou não considerar o embrião pessoa humana. Neste artigo se analisa o estatuto ontológico do embrião humano a partir de uma perspectiva biológica, considerando as principais linhas de investigação de intervenção no embrião na América Latina. Adicionalmente, revisamos a contribuição a partir do estatuto legal do embrião humano nesta região e a postura a partir da formalidade da investigação cientifica no cuidado de sua utilização. Consideramos finalmente que na América Latina não se tem abordado de maneira profunda a discussão em torno do estatuto do embrião humano como pessoa, tornando-se a discussão uma dimensão biológica.


Subject(s)
Humans , Bioethics , Embryo Research/ethics , Embryo, Mammalian , Personhood , Embryo Research/legislation & jurisprudence , Latin America
12.
Interdisciplinaria ; 33(1): 81-93, jun. 2016.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-841043

ABSTRACT

El objetivo del estudio que se informa fue describir la técnica de neurofeedback, sus aplicaciones y usos, como así también determinar su eficacia a lo largo de los estudios revisados. De esta forma se encuentra la compilación de 53 artículos científicos acerca de la técnica, que describen cómo los autores han demostrado su funcionalidad, cuando se trata de proyectar de manera tangible el rendimiento de algún tipo de población para la posterior formulación de un tratamiento o intervención particular. En la presente revisión se describe la definición del método y las ondas cerebrales analizadas por el mismo, para luego mencionar su uso y aplicación en distintas áreas de las neurociencias. Se concluye que el neurofeedback es una técnica efectiva y no invasiva usada como tratamiento y entrenamiento en diversos campos cuyo resultado ha sido satisfactorio.


Neurofeedback emerges as a way to teach the individual to modify some aspects of brain activity. The brain activity works through the brain waves: Delta, Theta, Alpha, Beta, and Sensoriomotor Rhythm (SMR), which results in behavior, such as sleep, arousal and even anxiety. The theoretical basis of the technique in the early cognitive learning model is located and works according to the principles of operant conditioning. The individual learns how to influence the electrical activity of the brain by different states like relaxation and others, making the technique a chance to educate the brain. Another objective of neurofeedback is to improve performance, based on partnerships between those measurements recorded, and those behaviors or states of concentration that refers wave pattern; the emotional states, relaxation and concentration of an individual can make the rate and wavelength go faster or slower, depending on the case, and how they influence the voltage amplitude. The electroencephalogram (EEG) is the best instrument to measure the cerebral activity marked by brain waves, this record is used to establish under what factors (voltage, frequency, etc.) is the brain working which goes from the ideal mental state through pathological cases, identifying the pattern of neuronal interaction. This in order to achieve multiple objectives of science: improvement of cognitive activity, optimizing performance in athletes (archery, golf, sky, tennis, swimming), stimulation of the artists skills, (performers and dancers) treating disorders of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), epilepsy, addiction disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and autism, even cognitive functions such as concentration and memory, and other variables, as emotional control and personality. This paper allows the reader to discover detailed aspects of multiple studies on the topic of neurofeedback as it use and technique. This review of articles applied to sporting, artistic and even cognitive domain, presented and described all of their results. These studies suggest the application of technical features such as low global connectivity and neuroplasticity, most of these studies may be trained simultaneously with the application of neurofeedback and other techniques such as training mental skills and visualization; and in most cases are evaluated by psychometric instruments to notice the advances simultaneously with the results of EEG, for integral intervention. It is also possible the application of the technique in order to find the reduced biological predisposition to certain diseases by stimulating the brain activity of the affected hemisphere, for each case has specific protocols depending on the type of wave, and obtains results performing the treatment from 20 through 40th session. In the case of learning disabilities, it has been reported, an increase of 12 to 19 IQ points after training with neurofeedback. No significant side effects are reported, they may occur in the event that the sessions are too prolonged for the participant, including: headache, fatigue and anxiety, which are momentary states so that will not be considered risk factors to finalize the treatment. Moreover, the article suggests how to study a population or a specific study on an individual, as describe how authors have demonstrated it functionality to design treatments for a particular intervention in any population. Through the review of 53 scientific articles, it provides the definition of the method, analyzed brain waves and application in different areas of neuroscience. The purpose of this article is expose neurofeedback. We conclude that neurofeedback is an effective noninvasive technique, and used as treatment and training in various fields whose outcomes has been satisfactory. As general recommendations for future research, there is a need to create and implement protocols to support technical for each particular situation, increasing its use, due to it has successfully demonstrated its effectiveness so far. technique, applications, uses and effectiveness.

13.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 31(4): 417-424, ago. 2014. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-724812

ABSTRACT

Background: Although P. jiroveci pneumonia affects immunocompromised (IC) patients of any etiology, clinical features and prognostic outcomes are different depending if they are patients with HIV infection or other causes of IC. Objectives: To compare clinical and laboratory features as well as outcomes of P. jiroveci pneumonia in HIV versus non-HIV patients. Methods: Retrospective review of clinical records of HIV and non-HIV patients with P. jiroveci pneumonia managed at the Hospital Clínico Universidad Católica in Santiago, Chile, between 2005 and 2007. Results: We included 28 HIV and 45 non-HIV patients with confirmed P. jiroveci pneumonia. The non-HIV population was older (65 vs 36,2 years, p < 0,01), had shorter duration of symptoms (7 [1-21] vs 14 [2-45] days, p < 0,01), required more invasive techniques (60 vs 21%, p < 0,01) and RT-PCR to confirm the diagnosis (93 vs 68%, p < 0,01), were more frequently treated at intensive care units (58 vs. 25%, p < 0,01) requiring artificial ventilation (56 vs 11%, p < 0,01), and had a higher attributable mortality (33% vs 0%, p < 0,01). Conclusions: Our study confirmed that P. jiroveci pneumonia in non-HIV IC patients is more severe, more difficult to diagnose and has higher mortality that in HIV patients. Therefore, it is mandatory to optimize diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for this patients group.


Introducción: Pneumocystis jiroveci puede causar neumonía en pacientes inmunocomprometidos de cualquier etiología, pero las diferencias clínicas y pronósticas entre inmunocomprometidos por VIH y por otras causas han sido poco exploradas. Objetivo: Comparar las características clínicas, de laboratorio y pronóstico de neumonía por P. jiroveci en pacientes inmunocomprometidos por infección VIH versus no infectados por VIH. Métodos: Análisis retrospectivo de casos confirmados de neumonía por P. jiroveci en adultos con infección por VIH y no infectados, entre los años 2005 y 2007. Resultados: Se incluyeron 28 pacientes infectados por VIH y 45 no infectados, con neumonía por P. jiroveci confirmada. La población no infectada por VIH presentaba mayor edad (65 vs 36,2 años, p < 0,01), menor duración de síntomas previos a la consulta (7 [121] vs 14 [2-45] días, p < 0,01), mayor requerimiento de técnica invasora (60 vs 21%, p < 0,01) y estudio molecular (93 vs 68%, p < 0,01) para confirmación diagnóstica, mayor requerimiento de camas críticas (58 vs 25%, p < 0,01), y ventilación mecánica (56 vs 11%, p < 0,01), con mayor mortalidad atribuible (33 vs 0%, p < 0,01). Conclusiones: La neumonía por P. jiroveci en pacientes inmunocomprometidos no infectados por VIH ofrece más dificultades diagnósticas y presenta mayor gravedad y mortalidad que en pacientes con infección por VIH; por esto, es mandatario optimizar los procesos diagnóstico y terapéutico en esta población.


Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , HIV Infections/complications , Pneumocystis carinii , Pneumonia, Pneumocystis/complications , Immunocompromised Host , Prognosis , Pneumonia, Pneumocystis/drug therapy , Pneumonia, Pneumocystis/mortality , Retrospective Studies
14.
Arch. cardiol. Méx ; 83(4): 263-266, oct.-dic. 2013. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-703027

ABSTRACT

Objective: To obtain a blood pressure reading is mandatory during either the general or specialized physical examination. This study describes factors associated with the accomplishment of blood pressure measurement in the first neurological consultation. Methods: We studied first ambulatory neurology consultations in a Mexican referral hospital. Demographic characteristics, diagnostic category of referral, final diagnosis and data on physical examination were collected to establish a logistic regression analysis in order to identify factors associated with the accomplishment of blood pressure measurement. Results: Over 8 months 778 outpatients were studied. The most frequent diagnoses for first consultation were headache (26%), epilepsy (14%) and stroke (13%). Only in 39% (n = 301) of the outpatients blood pressure was registered, among them, 30% had normal blood pressure, 43% had 121-139/81-89mmHg, 20% had 140-159/90-99mmHg and 7% had ≥ 160/100mmHg. The independent factors that favored the practice of BP determination in multivariable analysis were >65 years of age (odds ratio: 2.26; 95% confidence interval: 1.52-3.36) and headache complaint (odds ratio: 1.81, 95% confidence interval: 1.30-2.53). Notably, only 43% of patients with stroke had blood pressure registration, even when these stroke patients had blood pressure readings, they had higher blood pressure than with other diagnoses (p< 0.05). Conclusion: Blood pressure registration was frequently omitted from the first neurological consultation, particularly in outpatients who might need it the most.


Objetivo: La medición de la presión arterial es mandatoria durante el examen físico general o especializado. Este estudio describe factores asociados al cumplimiento de la medición de la presión arterial en la primera consulta neurológica. Métodos: Realizamos un estudio sobre consultas neurológicas ambulatorias en un hospital de referencia mexicano. Se recolectaron características demográficas, categoría diagnóstica de referencia, diagnóstico final y datos sobre el examen físico para construir un análisis de regresión logística con el objetivo de identificar factores asociados con el cumplimiento de la medición de la presión arterial. Resultados: Durante 8 meses estudiamos a 778 pacientes. Los diagnósticos de envío más frecuentes fueron cefalea (26%), epilepsia (14%) y enfermedad cerebrovascular (13%). Solo en el 39% (n = 301) de los pacientes se midió la presión arterial y, de entre ellos, el 30% presentaron presión arterial normal, el 43% 121-139/81-89mmHg, el 20% 140-159/90-99mmHg y el 7% ≥ 160/100 mmHg. En un análisis multivariable, la edad > 65 años (razón de momios: 2.26, intervalo de confianza del 95%: 1.52-3.36) y cefalea como motivo de consulta (razón de momios: 1.81, intervalo de confianza del 95%: 1.30-2.53) fueron los factores independientes asociados al registro de la presión arterial. De manera notable, solo al 43% de los pacientes con enfermedad cerebrovascular se les había registrado la presión sanguínea; estos pacientes la tenían más elevada que los pacientes con otros diagnósticos (p <0.05). Conclusión: En este estudio con frecuencia se omitió el registro de la presión arterial en la primera consulta neurológica, especialmente en pacientes que podrían necesitarlo más.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Blood Pressure Determination , Diagnostic Techniques, Neurological , Physical Examination , Ambulatory Care , Prospective Studies
16.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 29(4): 406-411, ago. 2012. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-649828

ABSTRACT

Blood culture is considered the "gold standard" for the diagnosis of bacteremia, critical condition with high morbidity and mortality. Because of its importance, it is estimated that the blood culture is a critical test that requires close monitoring on the quality with which the process is performed. The objective of this work is to show the results of the monitoring carried out during the past three years, of 5 quality indicators of blood cultures in the laboratory of the Hospital Clínico de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, considering pre-analytical, analytical and post-analytical aspects. In the 3 years monitored the mean contamination was 0,7%, 46% of adult bottles had adequate volume, match between Gram stain with final identification was 99.4%, 100% of correct participations were achieved in surveys of external quality control and Gram staining notification before 1 hour was 88.7%. With regard to proposed aims, in 2011 the laboratory complies with all, except the percentage of bottles with appropriate volume of blood inoculated. This indicator is very low and should be corrected as soon as possible since it is known that it is an important condition for optimum performance of blood cultures.


El hemocultivo es el "estándar de oro" para el diagnóstico de bacteriemia, condición grave de alta morbi-mortalidad. Por esto, se estima que el hemocultivo es un examen crítico, que requiere monitorización de su calidad. El objetivo de este trabajo es mostrar los resultados de la monitorización de 3 años de 5 indicadores de calidad del hemocultivo implementados en nuestro hospital. El porcentaje promedio de contaminación de las botellas para hemocultivo fue 0,7%, el porcentaje de botellas de adultos con volumen adecuado fue 46%, la concordancia de la tinción de Gram con la identificación final correspondió a 99,4%, el 100% de las participaciones en encuestas de control de calidad externo fueron correctas y 88,7% de los avisos de valores de alerta de la tinción de Gram fueron realizados antes de 1 hora. En el año 2011 se cumplió con las metas propuestas por el laboratorio para todos los indicadores, excepto con el porcentaje de botellas con volumen apropiado de sangre. Este último, se encuentra muy por debajo de la meta y debe ser mejorado a la brevedad, ya que el volumen de sangre cultivada es el factor más importante para obtener un rendimiento óptimo del hemocultivo.


Subject(s)
Humans , Bacteremia/diagnosis , Blood/microbiology , Quality Control , Blood Specimen Collection , Bacteriological Techniques/standards , Chile , Equipment Contamination/statistics & numerical data , Gentian Violet , Hospitals, University , Laboratories, Hospital/standards , Phenazines
17.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 29(2): 149-155, abr. 2012. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-627227

ABSTRACT

Objective: To describe antifungal susceptibility testing surveillance (December 2004-September 2010) in Candida spp., for amphotericin B, fluconazole and voriconazole, at the Laboratorio de Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Method: The study was performed utilizing E test and included yeasts from invasive origin and isolates in which antifungal susceptibility testing was asked for by the patient's physician. Results: The yeasts were mainly recovered from urine samples (n: 64), blood cultures (n: 51) and secretions (n: 24). Two hundred ninety three isolates were studied: C. albicans (38%), C. glabrata (30%), C. tropicalis (11%), C. parapsilosis (10%), C. krusei (4%) and others (7%). All Candida species were 100% susceptible to amphotericin B, except C. krusei (1/12). Fluconazole's global susceptibility in C. albicans was 91.8%, but 100% in isolates from blood cultures versus 76% in isolates from urine. C. tropicalis was 93.9% susceptible to fluconazole, C. parapsilosis, 90% and C. glabrata 30.3%. C. krusei had no susceptible isolates to fluconazole. Voriconazole resistance was mainly present in C. glabrata (11.5%). Conclusions: We recommend the study of antifungal susceptibility in isolates from invasive origin, selected urine strains and C. glabrata. Fluconazole remains effective in C. albicans from blood.


Objetivo: Describir la susceptibilidad antifúngica in vitro (anfotericina B, fluconazol y voriconazol) de aislados de Candida spp., observada desde diciembre 2004 a septiembre 2010 en el Laboratorio de Microbiología de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Material y Método: Se realizó estudio de susceptibilidad mediante E test® a todas las cepas invasoras y a aquellas en que se solicitara dirigidamente antifungigrama (aislados locales o derivados desde otros centros). Resultados: Se estudiaron 293 aislados, principalmente de muestras de orina (n: 64), hemocultivos (n: 51) y secreciones (n: 24). Las especies correspondieron a C. albicans (38%), C. glabrata (30%), C. tropicalis (11%), C. parapsilosis (10%), C. krusei (4%) y otras (7%). Hubo 100% de susceptibilidad a anfotericina B, excepto en C. krusei (1/12 resistente). La susceptibilidad a fluconazol fue: C. albicans 91,8% (100% en aislados de sangre vs 76% en orina); C. tropicalis, 93,9%, C. parapsilosis, 90% y C. glabrata 30,3%. Candida krusei, no tuvo aislados susceptibles a fluconazol. La resistencia a voriconazol se evidenció fundamentalmente en C. glabrata (11,5%). Conclusiones: Recomendamos realizar estudio de susceptibilidad en aislados de muestras invasoras, casos seleccionados de cepas de orina y ante sospecha de C. glabrata. Fluconazol mantiene efectividad en C. albicans proveniente de sangre.


Subject(s)
Humans , Amphotericin B/pharmacology , Antifungal Agents/pharmacology , Candida/drug effects , Fluconazole/pharmacology , Pyrimidines/pharmacology , Triazoles/pharmacology , Chile , Cohort Studies , Candida/classification , Candida/isolation & purification , Drug Resistance, Fungal , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Retrospective Studies
18.
Rev. GASTROHNUP ; 13(1): 42-50, ene.-abr. 2011. tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-645093

ABSTRACT

Reporte de casos:Se recolectaron los datos de las historias clínicas del HUV de 14 niños menores de 15 años de edad con diagnóstico de primera vez de AH con presencia de la triada clínica diagnostica y confirmados ecográficamente. Se analizaron variables como edad, género, procedencia, signos y síntomas, tiempo de evolución, y paraclínicos de diagnóstico al igual que manejo instaurado; encontrándose edad 8,7 años, con diagnóstico de primera vez, 7 masculinos, 11 procedentes del Valle del Cauca, con un tiempo de evolución entre 2 y 30 días (11,2 días) y una estancia hospitalaria entre 6 y 90 días (21,7 días). Otros síntomas incluyeron vómito en 8/14, anorexia y diarrea en 3/14, tos en 2/14 y cefalea y astenia en 1/10. Presentaron desnutrición aguda 3/7, crónica 3/7 y global 5/7. En 13/14 ecografías abdominales se encontraron AH localizados del lado derecho, siendo únicos en 11/13. Otros paraclínicos evidenciaron: hipoalbuminemia en 5/6, incremento de la VES y PCR en 14/14 y alteración de las pruebas de funcionamiento hepático en 3/7. En 9/14 niños los cultivos del material de drenaje de colección identificaron E.coli, S. viridans, S. epidermidis y P. aureginosa. 2/6 presentaron amibas al examen de heces Conclusión:El AH se debe sospechar clínicamente ante la triada fiebre, hepatomegalia y dolor abdominal de predomino en hipocondrio derecho, corroborar su localización y tipo de presentación con una ecografía abdominal, apoyar su diagnóstico con algunos paraclínicos en sangre y heces, e iniciar su pronto y adecuado manejo médico con antiparasitarios y antibióticos siguiendo una adecuada evolución y así evi tar sus complicaciones que pueden ocasionar mayor morbimortalidad.


Case Report:We collected data from medical records of HUVof 14 children under 15 years of age with first-time diagnosis of liver abscess in the presence of the clinical triad diagnosed and confirmed sonographically. We analyzed variables such as age, gender, signs and symptoms, evolution time, clinical and laboratory data for diagnosis as well as established management; finding age 8.7 years ofage with first time diagnosed, 7 male 11 from the Valle del Cauca, with a time between 2 and 30 days (13.5 days) and hospital stay between 6 and 90 days (21,7 days). Other symptoms included vomiting in 8 /14, anorexia and diarrhea in 3/14, cough in 3/14, and headache and asthenia in 1 / 10. Acute malnutrition showed 3 / 7, chronic 3 / 7, global 5 / 7. The abdominal ultrasounds were located AH on the right, being unique in 11/13. Other paraclinical showed: albumin in 5 / 6, increased ESR and CRP 14/14 and impaired liver function tests in 3 / 7. In 9 / 14 children's material culture collection identified drainage E. coli, S. viridans, S. epidermidis and P. aeruginosa. 3 / 6 presented amoebas to stool examination. Medical management lasted between 10 and 42 days (17.7 days) with antibiotics such as oxacillin, clindamycin, metronidazole, amikacin, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, ampicillin-sulbactam, piperacillintazobactam, metronidazole being used in 13 / 14. 9 / 10 required surgical drainage guided by ultrasound.Conclusion:The AH should be suspected clinically with the triad fever, hepatomegaly and right upper quadrant abdominal pain, verify their location and type of presentation with an abdominal ultrasound, supporting some paraclinical diagnosis with blood and feces, and initiate a prompt and suitable worming and medical treatment with appropriate antibiotics following developments, thereby avoiding the complications that can lead to increased morbidity and mortality.


Subject(s)
Male , Adolescent , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Liver Abscess, Amebic/classification , Liver Abscess, Amebic/diagnosis , Liver Abscess/classification , Liver Abscess/diagnosis , Amebiasis , Liver Abscess, Pyogenic/classification , Liver Abscess, Pyogenic/diagnosis
19.
Rev. cuba. plantas med ; 9(1)ene.-abr. 2004. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-394335

ABSTRACT

Se realizó un estudio de toxicidad aguda en ratas Sprague Dawley de ambos sexos mediante la administración oral única del producto QT2B21 obtenido a partir de la especie de helecho Nephrolepis cordifolia, para determinar su toxicidad. Fueron evaluados 3 niveles de dosis: 33,33, 133,32 y 533,28 mg/kg. Se determinaron algunos índices hematológicos sin encontrar efectos tóxicos atribuibles a la administración del producto. Se realizaron los estudios anatomopatológico (por inspección macroscópica) e histopatológico de los principales órganos. La inspección de estos no demostró alteraciones macroscópicas. Según el resultado del estudio histopatológico, sólo fueron observadas diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el porcentaje de peso relativo de los testículos en el grupo tratado con la dosis intermedia con respecto al grupo control. Este efecto no fue dependiente de la dosis. Se concluyó que la administración única por vía oral del producto QT2B21, no produjo alteraciones por toxicidad que pudieran ser atribuidas al mismo. Se consideró este producto como tolerable en ratas Sprague Dawley de ambos sexos en el rango de dosis desde 33,33 hasta 533,28 mg/kg de peso.


Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Ferns , Plant Extracts , Plants, Medicinal , Rats, Sprague-Dawley
20.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-348454

ABSTRACT

El presente estudio es la ejecución y evaluación de un Programa de Prevención de Abuso Sexual Infantil a partir de una práctica en red como estrategia para implementar proyectos que permitan movilizar recursos profesionales e institucionales para abordar temáticas tan complejas como el abuso sexual y su prevención. El proyecto consistió en diseñar un programa a partir de un video interactivo de prevención en el tema señalado. Se aplico en 10 instituciones integrantes de la Rede Abordaje Integral del Maltrato Infantil Creciendo Juntos la cual funciona desde el año 1996 en un sector urbano-popular de la ciudad de Temuco en Chile. A través de esta estrategia se capacitaron 250 niños de edad escolar y preescolar en el desarrollo de habilidades de autocuidado. A partir del registro cualitativo se identificaron las representaciones sociales de la muestra respecto a limites corporales, relación con los extraños, confianza con padres y educadores, y conciencia de riesgo de abuso sexual y maltrato infantil. El componente lúdico y participativo es un elemento que favorece el desarrollo de este tipo de proyectos


Subject(s)
Humans , Child, Preschool , Child , Child Abuse, Sexual , Primary Prevention , Audiovisual Aids , Chile , Health Programs and Plans , Interpersonal Relations , Child Abuse/prevention & control , Poverty , Self Care , Urban Population
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